Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection

Hsin-Jen Tsai; Fu-Kuei Chang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20

| Peer-Reviewed

Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection

Hsin-Jen Tsai, Fu-Kuei Chang

Published in American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 9 May 2021 Accepted: 15 March 2022 Published: 23 March 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Triclosan is widely used in personal care products, and has been reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the triclosan levels in influents and effluents from three different sizes of sewage treatment plants using chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) for disinfection (i.e., STPs A, B, and C). Variations of triclosan concentration in influents and effluents (i.e., 9:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 13:00 p.m. and 15:00 p.m.) were also observed, respectively. The influent and effluent samples of the three STPs were composite samples collected every 2h during 9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m by manual grab method, respectively. The samples were analyzed using a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure, followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Results demonstrated all of influent and effluent samples from three STPs contained triclosan. Significantly higher levels of triclosan were observed in effluent samples collected at STPs A (Median: 27.0 ng/L) as compared to in those collected at STPs B (15.0 ng/L), and C (8.0 ng/L) (p=0.012). STP A had the most serviced inhabitants and sewage flow. The triclosan levels at STP C with UV disinfection were lowest. The daytime peak of triclosan concentration in the collected influent samples was seen around 9:00 a.m. Notably, sewage discharge is the contamination source of triclosan in water bodies. Moreover, sewage flow and methods of disinfection may be the factors that affect the concentration of triclosan in effluents from sewage treatment plants.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20
Page(s)	67-70
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Triclosan, Sewage Treatment Plants, Effluent, Sewage Flow, Chlorine and UV Disinfection

References

[1]	Yazdankhah, SP, Scheie, AA, Høiby, EA, et al (2003). Triclosan and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria: an overview. Microbial drug resistance, 12 (2), 83-90.
[2]	European Commission (2010) Directorate-General Health & Consumers, Preliminary Opinion on Triclosan Antimicrobial Resistance. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_013.pdf.
[3]	Perencevich EN, Wong MT, Harris AD (2001) National and regional assessment of the antibacterial soap market: a step toward determining the impact of prevalent antibacterial soaps. Am. J. Infect. Control. 28: 281–283.
[4]	Sabaliunas D, Webb S, Hauk A, et al (2003) Environmental fate of Triclosan in the River Aire Basin, UK, Water Res. 37: 3145–3154.
[5]	Orvos DR, Versteeg DJ, Inauen J, et al (2002) Aquatic toxicity of triclosan. Environ Toxicol Chem. 21: 1338–1349.
[6]	European Commission (2009. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December, Annex VI, Table 3.2. Sep.
[7]	Foran CM,. Bennett ER, Benson WH (2000) Developmental evaluation of a potential non-steroidal estrogen: triclosan. Mar Environ Res. 50: 153–156.
[8]	Ishibashi H, Matsumura N, Hirano M, et al (2004) Effects of triclosan on the early life stages and reproduction of medaka Oryzias latipes and induction of hepatic vitellogenin, Aquatic Toxicol. 67: 167–179.
[9]	Kumar V, Chakraborty A, Kural MR, et al (2009) Alteration of testicular steroidogenesis and histopathology of reproductive system in male rats treated with triclosan. Reprod. Toxicol. 27: 177–185.
[10]	Veldhoen N, Skirrow RC, Osachoff H, et al (2006) The bactericidal agent triclosan modulates thyroid hormone-associated gene expression and disrupts postembryonic anuran development. Aquat Toxicol. 80: 217–227.
[11]	Bester K (2005) Fate of triclosan and triclosan-methyl in sewage treatment plants and surface waters. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49: 9-17.
[12]	Heidler J, Halden RU (2007) Mass balance assessment of triclosan removal during conventional sewage treatment. Chemosphere 66: 362-369.
[13]	McAvoy DC, Schatowitz B, Jacob M, et al (2002) Measurement of triclosan in wastewater treatment systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21: 1323-1329.
[14]	Thomas PM, Foster GD (2005) Tracking acidic pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and triclosan through the wastewater treatment process. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24 (1): 25-30.
[15]	Ying GG, Kookana RS (2007) Triclosan in wastewaters and biosolids from Australian wastewater treatment plants. Environ. Int. 33: 199-205.
[16]	Federle TW, Kaiser SK, Nuck BA (2002) Fate and effects of triclosan in activated sludge. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 21: 1330-1337.
[17]	Singer H, Muller S, Tixier C, et al (2002) Triclosan: occurrence and fate of a widely used biocide in the aquatic environment: field measurements in wastewater treatment plants, surface waters, and lake sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36: 4998–5004.
[18]	Yang G CC, Tsai HJ, Chang FK (2015) Occurrence of triclosan in the tropical rivers receiving the effluents from the hospital wastewater treatment plant. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187: 151.
[19]	Buth JM, Grandbois M, Vikesland PJ, et al (2009) Aquatic photochemistry of chlorinated triclosan derivatives: Potential source of polychlorodibenzo-P-dioxins, Environ. Toxicol Chem. 28: 2555–2563.
[20]	Buth, JM, Ross, MR, McNeill, K (2011) Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and UV disinfection. Chemosphere, 84 (9): 1238-1243.
[21]	Latch DE, Packer JL, Arnolda WA, K. et al (2000) Photochemical conversion of triclosan to 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in aqueous solution. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 158: 63-66.
[22]	Mezcua M, Gomez MJ, Ferrer I, et al (2004) Evidence of 2,7/2,8-dibenzodichloro-p-dioxin as a photodegradation product of triclosan in water and wastewater samples. Analytica Chimica Acta 524: 241–247.
[23]	Nishi I, Kawakami T, Onodera S (2008) Monitoring of triclosan in the surface water of the Tone Canal, Japan, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 80: 163-166.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Hsin-Jen Tsai, Fu-Kuei Chang. (2022). Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 6(1), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Hsin-Jen Tsai; Fu-Kuei Chang. Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2022, 6(1), 67-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Hsin-Jen Tsai, Fu-Kuei Chang. Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2022;6(1):67-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20,
  author = {Hsin-Jen Tsai and Fu-Kuei Chang},
  title = {Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {67-70},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20220601.20},
  abstract = {Triclosan is widely used in personal care products, and has been reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the triclosan levels in influents and effluents from three different sizes of sewage treatment plants using chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) for disinfection (i.e., STPs A, B, and C). Variations of triclosan concentration in influents and effluents (i.e., 9:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 13:00 p.m. and 15:00 p.m.) were also observed, respectively. The influent and effluent samples of the three STPs were composite samples collected every 2h during 9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m by manual grab method, respectively. The samples were analyzed using a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure, followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Results demonstrated all of influent and effluent samples from three STPs contained triclosan. Significantly higher levels of triclosan were observed in effluent samples collected at STPs A (Median: 27.0 ng/L) as compared to in those collected at STPs B (15.0 ng/L), and C (8.0 ng/L) (p=0.012). STP A had the most serviced inhabitants and sewage flow. The triclosan levels at STP C with UV disinfection were lowest. The daytime peak of triclosan concentration in the collected influent samples was seen around 9:00 a.m. Notably, sewage discharge is the contamination source of triclosan in water bodies. Moreover, sewage flow and methods of disinfection may be the factors that affect the concentration of triclosan in effluents from sewage treatment plants.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection
AU - Hsin-Jen Tsai
AU - Fu-Kuei Chang
Y1 - 2022/03/23
PY - 2022
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20
DO - 10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20
T2 - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JF - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JO - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
SP - 67
EP - 70
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2578-7993
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20
AB - Triclosan is widely used in personal care products, and has been reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the triclosan levels in influents and effluents from three different sizes of sewage treatment plants using chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) for disinfection (i.e., STPs A, B, and C). Variations of triclosan concentration in influents and effluents (i.e., 9:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 13:00 p.m. and 15:00 p.m.) were also observed, respectively. The influent and effluent samples of the three STPs were composite samples collected every 2h during 9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m by manual grab method, respectively. The samples were analyzed using a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure, followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Results demonstrated all of influent and effluent samples from three STPs contained triclosan. Significantly higher levels of triclosan were observed in effluent samples collected at STPs A (Median: 27.0 ng/L) as compared to in those collected at STPs B (15.0 ng/L), and C (8.0 ng/L) (p=0.012). STP A had the most serviced inhabitants and sewage flow. The triclosan levels at STP C with UV disinfection were lowest. The daytime peak of triclosan concentration in the collected influent samples was seen around 9:00 a.m. Notably, sewage discharge is the contamination source of triclosan in water bodies. Moreover, sewage flow and methods of disinfection may be the factors that affect the concentration of triclosan in effluents from sewage treatment plants.
VL - 6
IS - 1
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Hsin-Jen Tsai

Department of Health Management, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Fu-Kuei Chang

Department of Health Management, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Hsin-Jen Tsai, Fu-Kuei Chang. (2022). Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 6(1), 67-70. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Hsin-Jen Tsai; Fu-Kuei Chang. Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2022, 6(1), 67-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Hsin-Jen Tsai, Fu-Kuei Chang. Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2022;6(1):67-70. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20,
  author = {Hsin-Jen Tsai and Fu-Kuei Chang},
  title = {Triclosan in Influents and Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants Using Chlorine and UV Disinfection},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {67-70},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20220601.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20220601.20},
  abstract = {Triclosan is widely used in personal care products, and has been reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the triclosan levels in influents and effluents from three different sizes of sewage treatment plants using chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) for disinfection (i.e., STPs A, B, and C). Variations of triclosan concentration in influents and effluents (i.e., 9:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 13:00 p.m. and 15:00 p.m.) were also observed, respectively. The influent and effluent samples of the three STPs were composite samples collected every 2h during 9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m by manual grab method, respectively. The samples were analyzed using a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure, followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Results demonstrated all of influent and effluent samples from three STPs contained triclosan. Significantly higher levels of triclosan were observed in effluent samples collected at STPs A (Median: 27.0 ng/L) as compared to in those collected at STPs B (15.0 ng/L), and C (8.0 ng/L) (p=0.012). STP A had the most serviced inhabitants and sewage flow. The triclosan levels at STP C with UV disinfection were lowest. The daytime peak of triclosan concentration in the collected influent samples was seen around 9:00 a.m. Notably, sewage discharge is the contamination source of triclosan in water bodies. Moreover, sewage flow and methods of disinfection may be the factors that affect the concentration of triclosan in effluents from sewage treatment plants.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download